What they don’t want you to know about television and videos ENDNotes

“Footnotes from What They Don’t Want You To KnowAbout Television and Videos.”

ENDNotes

(1) Deuteronomy 7:26.
(2) The original Hebrew paper, Torah Analysis of Television, was composed by Rabbis Elazar Menachem Man Shach, Yaakov Yisroel Kanievsky, Moshe Feinstein, and Yaakov Kamenetsky, and was released on March 13, 1975.
(3) Scientific Advisory Committee on Television and Social Behavior, Television and Growing Up: The Impact of Televised Violence (Rockville, Md.: National Institute of Mental Health, 1972).
(4) U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service: Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration, Television and Behavior: Ten Years of Scientific Progress and Implications for the Eighties (Rockville, Md.: National Institute of Mental Health, 1982).
(5) Patrick O’Malley, Lloyd Johnston, and Jerald Bachman, “Adolescent Substance Abuse and Addictions: Epidemiology, Current Trends and Public Policy,” Adolescent Medicine: State of the Art Reviews 4, no. 2 (1993): 227-48.
(6) U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Television and Behavior, 11.
(7) Ibid.
(8) L. Wallack, J. W. Grube, P. A. Madden, and W. Breed, “Portrayals of Alcohol on Prime Time Television,” Journal of Studies on Alcohol 51 (1990): 428-37.
(9) U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Television and Behavior, 11.
(10) Daniel Akst, “The Culture of Money: Caught with Their Pants On,” New York Times, March 7, 1999.
(11) G. M. Connolly, S. Casswell, J. F. Zhang, and P. A. Silva, “Alcohol in the Mass Media and Drinking by Adolescents: A Longitudinal Study,” Addiction 89 (1994): 1255-63.
(12) J. D. Klein, J. D. Brown, K. W. Childers, J. Oliveri, C. Porter, and C. Dykers, “Adolescents’ Risky Behavior and Mass Media Use,” Pediatrics 92, no. 1 (1993): 24-31.
(13) Thomas N. Robinson, Helen L. Chen, and Joel D. Killen, “Television and Music Video Exposure and Risk of Adolescent Alcohol Use,” Pediatrics 102, no. 5 (1998): e54.
(14) Ibid.
(15) Ibid.
(16) Lewis D. Eigen, “Alcohol Practices, Policies, and Potentials of American Colleges and Universities: An OSAP White Paper” (Rockville, Md.: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office for Substance Abuse Prevention, 1991).
(17) David Anderson, Breaking the Tradition on College Campuses: Reducing Drug and Alcohol Misuse (Fairfax, Va.: George Mason University, 1992).
(18) Advocacy Institute, Tackling Alcohol Problems on Campus: Tools for Media Advocacy (Washington, D.C.: Advocacy Institute, 1992).
(19) Lewis H. Margolis, Robert D. Foss, and William G. Tolbert, “Alcohol and Motor Vehicle Related Deaths of Children as Passengers, Pedestrians, and Bicyclists,” Journal of the American Medical Association 283, no. 17 (2000): 2245-48.
(20) Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University, Cigarettes, Alcohol, Marijuana: Gateways to Illicit Drug Abuse, October 1994.
(21) D. W. Smythe, “Reality as Presented by Television,” Public Opinion Quarterly 18 (1954): 143-56; and George Comstock and Victor C. Strasburger, “Media Violence: Q & A,” Adolescent Medicine: State of the Art Reviews 4, no. 3 (1993): 496-97.
(22) George Comstock and Erica Scharrer, Television: What’s On, Who’s Watching, and What it Means (San Diego: Academic Press, 1999) 270. In one study, researchers barred MTV access to teenagers and young adults in a locked treatment facility, and the frequency of violent acts in the facility fell drastically. See B. M. Waite, M. Hillbrand, and H. G. Foster, “Reduction of Aggressive Behavior after Removal of Music Television,” Hospital and Community Psychiatry 43 (1992): 173-75.
(23) Comstock and Strasburger, “Media Violence: Q & A,” 497.
(24) A. C. Huston, E. Donnerstein, and H. Fairchild, Big World, Small Screen: The Role of Television in American Society (Lincoln, Neb.: University of Nebraska Press, 1992).
(25) Craig E. Emes, “Is Mr Pac Man Eating Our Children?” Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 42 (1997): 410.
(26) Brandon S. Centerwall, “Exposure to Television as a Risk Factor for Violence,” American Journal of Epidemiology 129, number 4 (1989): 645.
(27) Brandon S. Centerwall, “Television and Violence: The Scale of the Problem and Where to Go from Here,” Journal of the American Medical Association 267, no. 22 (1992): 3061.
(28) Centerwall, “Exposure to Television,” 649.
(29) Ibid., 651.
(30) Centerwall, “Television and Violence,” 3061.
(31) Cited by Tannis MacBeth Williams, “The Impact of Television: A Natural Experiment Involving Three Communities,” paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the International Communication Association (Philadelphia, May 1979).
(32) L. Rowell Huesmann, “Psychological Processes Promoting the Relation between Exposure to Media Violence and Aggressive Behavior by the Viewer,” Journal of Social Issues 42, no. 3 (1986): 125-39.
(33) In an interview with John Leland, “Violence, Reel to Real,” Newsweek, December 11, 1995, 47.
(34) Huesmann, “Psychological Processes,” 129.
(35) F. B. Steuer, J. M. Applefield, and R. Smith, “Televised Aggression and Interpersonal Aggression of Preschool Children,” Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 11 (1971): 442-47.
(36) R. C. Day and M. Ghandour, “The Effect of Television Mediated Aggression and Real-Life Aggression on the Behavior of Lebanese Children,” Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 38, no. 1 (1984): 7-18; and E. J. McHan, “Imitation of Aggression by Lebanese Children,” Journal of Social Psychology 125, no. 5 (1985): 613-17.
(37) J. L. Singer and D. G. Singer, Television, Imagination, and Aggression: A Study of Preschoolers (Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum, 1981); and J. L. Singer, D. G. Singer, R. Desmond, and A. Nicol, “Family Mediation and Children’s Cognition, Aggression, and Comprehension of Television: A Longitudinal Study,” Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology 9, no. 3 (1988): 329-47.
(38) Comstock and Scharrer, Television: What’s On, 265-310.
(39) Comstock and Strasburger, “Media Violence: Q & A,” 496.
(40) L. Rowell Huesmann, “Television Violence and Aggressive Behavior,” in Television and Behavior: Ten Years of Scientific Progress and Implications for the Eighties—Volume II: Technical Reviews (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; Public Health Service; Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration; and National Institute of Mental Health, 1982), 126.
(41) U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Television and Behavior, 38.
(42) Jeff Leeds, “Surgeon General Links TV, Real Violence,” Los Angeles Times, January 17, 2001.
(43) Lawrie Mifflin, “Many Researchers Say Link Is Already Clear on Media and Youth Violence,” New York Times, May 9, 1999.
(44) Lawrie Mifflin, “Pediatrics Group Offers Tough Rules for Television,” New York Times, August 4, 1999.
(45) Centerwall, “Television and Violence,” 3059.
(46) Ibid., 3062.
(47) Kathleen D. Hoffman, “Exposure to Television Poses a Public Health Concern,” Annals of Epidemiology 6, no. 2 (1996): 160.
(48) Comstock and Strasburger, “Media Violence: Q & A,” 496.
(49) Centerwall, “Television and Violence,” 3062.
(50) Colman McCarthy, “Ousting the Stranger from the House,” Newsweek, March 25, 1974, 17.
(51) John Condry, “Thief of Time, Unfaithful Servant: Television and the American Child,” Daedalus 122 (1993): 264.
(52) Cited by Bill Carter and Lawrie Mifflin, “Media: Mainstream TV Bets on ‘Gross-Out’ Humor,” New York Times, July 19, 1999.
(53) Ibid.
(54) Daniel Akst, “The Culture of Money: Caught with Their Pants On,” New York Times, March 7, 1999.
(55) K. M. Clarke-Pearson, “Children-Violence-Solutions,” North Carolina Medical Journal 58 (1997): 265-68.
(56) Neil Postman, Amusing Ourselves to Death (New York: Penguin Books, 1985), 128.
(57) Cited by Condry, “Thief of Time, Unfaithful Servant,” 266.
(58) Comstock and Scharrer, Television: What’s On, 259.
(59) T. Furu, Television and Children’s Life: A Before-After Study (Radio and TV Culture Research Institute, Nippon Hoso Kyokai, 1962). See also R. Hornik, “Television Access and the Slowing of Cognitive Growth,” American Educational Research Journal 15 (1978): 1-16.
(60) G. W. Mayeske, A Study of our Nation’s Schools (United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Office of Education, 1969).
(61) Connecticut State Board of Education, Technical Report: Connecticut Assessment of Educational Progress in Reading 1978-1979, Hartford, Conn.: January, 1980; R. L. Kohr, “The Relationship of Homework and Television Viewing to Cognitive and Noncognitive Student Outcomes,” paper presented at the meeting of the National Council for Measurement in Education, 1979; and S. A. Rubenstein and M. Perkins, Rhode Island Statewide Assessment 1975-1976 (Amherst, Mass.: National Evaluation Systems, Inc., 1976).
(62) Sydney G. Burton, James M. Calonico, and Dennis R. McSeveney, “Effects of Preschool Television Watching on First-Grade Children,” Journal of Communication 29, no. 3 (1979): 164.
(63) Ibid., 167-68.
(64) Michael Morgan and Larry Gross, “Television Viewing, IQ, and Academic Achievement,” Journal of Broadcasting 24 (1980): 117-33.
(65) Michael Morgan and Larry Gross, “Television and Educational Achievement and Aspiration,” in Television and Behavior - Volume II: Technical Reviews, 79.
(66) Associated Press, “Coast Survey of Students Links Rise in TV Use to Poorer Grades,” New York Times, Sunday, November 9, 1980.
(67) California Assessment Program - March 1982 (Sacramento: California State Department of Education), 3.
(68) Ibid., 18.
(69) Ibid., 12.
(70) Ibid., 14.
(71) Ibid.
(72) Ibid., 15.
(73) Morgan and Gross, “Television and Educational Achievement,” 86.
(74) Eleanor E. Maccoby, “Television: Its Impact on School Children,” Public Opinion Quarterly 15 (1951): 433.
(75) Comstock and Scharrer, Television: What’s On, 257.
(76) William E. Geist, “Kicking the TV Habit: It Hurts but Jersey Pupils Do It for a Week,” New York Times, March 16, 1982, B2.
(77) Linda Charlton, “Is There Life without TV?” Wall Street Journal, February 8, 1984.
(78) Judith Owens, Rolanda Maxim, Melissa McGuinn, Chantelle Nobile, Michael Msall, and Anthony Alario, “Television Viewing Habits and Sleep Disturbance in School,” Pediatrics 104, no. 3 (1999): e27.
(79) Marie Winn, The Plug-In Drug (New York: Penguin, 1985), 162.
(80) Comstock and Scharrer, Television: What’s On, 255.
(81) Postman, Amusing Ourselves to Death, 86.
(82) Robert MacNeil, “Is Television Shortening Our Attention Span?” New York University Education Quarterly 14, no. 2 (1983): 2.
(83) Cited by Postman, Amusing Ourselves to Death, 44, 97.
(84) Dorothy Singer, “Television and the Developing Imagination of the Child,” in Television and Behavior - Volume II: Technical Reviews, 40-41.
(85) Dorothy G. Singer and Jerome L. Singer, The House of Make-Believe: Children’s Play and the Developing Imagination (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1990), 194.
(86) Winn, Plug-In Drug, 14-15.
(87) Committee on Social Issues of the Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry, The Child and Television Drama: The Psychosocial Impact of Cumulative Viewing (New York: Mental Health Materials Center, 1982), p. 43.
(88) Maccoby, “Television: Its Impact on School Children,” 427-29.
(89) Geist, “Kicking the TV Habit,” B2.
(90) J. P. Robinson, “Television’s Impact on Everyday Life: Some Cross-National Evidence,” in E. A. Rubinstein, G. A. Comstock, and J. P. Murray, eds., Television and Social Behavior (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1972), 410-31.
(91) Burton, Calonico, and McSeveney, “Effects of Preschool Television Watching,” 168.
(92) Cited by Winn, Plug-In Drug, 146.
(93) Peggy Noonan, “Looking Forward,” Good Housekeeping, November 1999, 104.
(94) See Jeffrey Scheuer, The Sound Bite Society (New York: Four Walls Eight Windows, 1999), 107.
(95) See, for example, W. H. Dietz, and S. L. Gortmaker, “TV or Not TV: Fat Is the Question,” Pediatrics 91 (1993): 499-501; and R. R. Pate and J. G. Ross, “The National Children and Youth Fitness Study II: Factors Associated With Health-Related Fitness,” Journal of Physical Education, Recreation, and Dance 58 (1987): 93-95.
(96) S. L. Gortmaker, A. Must, A. M. Sobol, K. Peterson, G. A. Colditz, and W. H. Dietz, “Television Viewing as a Cause of Increasing Obesity Among Children in the United States, 1986-1990,” Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine 150, no. 4 (1996): 356-62. See also William H. Dietz and Steven L. Gortmaker, “Do We Fatten Our Children at the Television Set?” Pediatrics 75 (1985): 807-12.
(97) Wong, Hei, and Qaqundah, “Television Viewing,” 75-79.
(98) T. M. Williams and A. G. Handford, “Television and Other Leisure Activities,” in T. M. Williams, ed., The Impact of Television: A Natural Experiment in Three Communities (Orlando, Florida: Academic Press, 1986), 143-213.
(99) 99.See R. K. Gupta, D. P. Saini, U. Acharya, and N. Miglani, “Impact of Television on Children,” Indian Journal of Pediatrics 61 (1994): 153-159; and Robert H. DuRant, Tom Baranowski, Maribeth Johnson, and William O. Thompson, “The Relationship among Television Watching, Physical Activity, and Body Composition of Young Children,” Pediatrics 94, no. 4 (1984): 449-55.
(100) Judith A. Vessey, Paula K. Yim-Chiplis, and Nancy R. MacKenzie, “Effects of Television Viewing on Children’s Development,” Pediatric Nursing 23, no. 5 (1998): 483.
(101) Ibid.
(102) U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Television and Behavior, 11.
(103) Krista Kotz and Mary Story, “Food Advertisements During Children’s Saturday Morning Television Programming: Are They Consistent with Dietary Recommendations?” Journal of the American Dietetic Association 94 (1994): 1298.
(104) Ibid.
(105) Robert C. Klesges, Mary L. Shelton, and Lisa M. Klesges, “Effects of Television on Metabolic Rate: Potential Implications for Childhood Obesity,” Pediatrics 91, no. 2 (1993): 281-86.
(106) Ibid., 284.
(107) Edith Spiegel, “Yes, Sesame Street Has Its Detractors,” New York Times, August 5, 1979, sec. 2, 24.
(108) Ibid.
(109) Ibid.
(110) Ibid.
(111) Cited by Winn, Plug-In Drug, 40-41.
(112) Ibid., 41.
(113) G. Salomon, Educational Effects of Sesame Street on Israeli Children (Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 1972).
(114) Mabel L. Rice, Aletha C. Huston, and John C. Wright, “The Forms of Television: Effects on Children’s Attention, Comprehension, and Social Behavior,” in Television and Behavior - Volume II: Technical Reviews.
(115) Spiegel, “Yes, Sesame Street Has Its Detractors,” 23.
(116) Committee on Social Issues of the Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry, The Child and Television Drama: The Psychosocial Impact of Cumulative Viewing (New York: Mental Health Materials Center, 1982), 47.
(117) Jane M. Healy, “Chaos on Sesame Street,” American Educator: The Professional Journal of the American Federation of Teachers, 14, no. 4 (1990): 24.
(118) Postman, Amusing Ourselves to Death, 143.
(119) Rice, Huston, and Wright, “Forms of Television,” 35-36.
(120) Leland, “Violence, Reel to Real,” 47. See also U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Television and Behavior, 46.
(121) California Assessment Program - March 1982 (Sacramento: California State Department of Education), 15.
(122) Geist, “Kicking the TV Habit,” B2.
(123) Jack Gould, “Family Life 1948 AT (After Television),” New York Times, August 1, 1948.
(124) Winn, Plug-In Drug, 158.
(125) Noonan, “Looking Forward,” 104.